The effects debate
1) Complete the questions in the first activity box (beginning with 'Do you play violent games? Are you violent in real life?') 1) I do play violent video games e.g. cod and gta but i am not violent in real life. 2) yes i have been influenced to buy a product from tv as it looks appealing e.g. clothing and footwear. 3) no
2) What are the four categories for different effects theories? Direct Effect Theories, Diffusion Theories, Indirect Effect Theories, The Pluralist Approach
3) What are the examples provided for the hypodermic needle theory - where media texts have been blamed for certain events? Child’s Play – The murder of Jamie Bulger Marilyn Manson – The Columbine High School shootings
4) What was the 1999 Columbine massacre? You may need to research this online in addition to the information on the factsheet. The shooting was done by 2 teenage boys. They had gone on a shooting spree killing about 13 people and wounding more than 20 people in their school. One gunmen was name Eric Harris aged 18 and the other shooter name Dylan Klebold aged 17. There was an idea that they've done this by being influenced by rock singer Marilyn Manson. The 2 boys were an outcast in their school as they were getting bullied and were members of a group of social outcasts that was fascinated by Goth culture or supposedly influenced by violent films or video games.
5) What are the reasons listed on the factsheet to possibly explain the Columbine High School massacre?
6) What does Gerbner's Cultivation theory suggest? Cultivation theory shows the way the media affects attitudes instead of behaviour. The media is seen as part of our socialisation process, communicating ‘appropriate’ attitudes and the norms and values of the culture. According to this theory, while any one
media text does not have too much effect, repeated exposure to certain ideas and values may make the audience less critical of the ideas presented as they appear ‘normal’.
• Through repetition attitudes, ideas and values may become
normalised or naturalised; they are accepted rather than
considered
• Through repetition the audience may become desensitised
towards negative and/or violent representations
7) How does this front page of the Daily Mail (from this week - Wednesday 16 November) link to Cultivation theory? The Mail Online version of the story is here.
This front page of the daily mail links with the Cultivation theory as it talks about technology and how it has a long term effect on the audiences attitudes and beliefs. By the bold lettering this demonstrates that children consuming a lot of technology is an important subject. This will intrigue readers to see what this is about. In addition, this will link with cultivation theory as it shows the effects on how a large amount of technology can harm a person mentally and influence them to do wrong. As there's no restriction on the internet children can get into various situations or see over aged things which will influence them to do violent behaviour or anti social things for example. This will be a concern for the parents as they do not supervise their children whilst they do this which could come up as a worry because of the amount spent online.
8) What does the factsheet suggest about action films and the values and ideologies that are reinforced with regards to violence? The media as being a negative influence but does not consider forms of ‘high art’ in the same way. most of Shakespeare’s plays are influenced with extremely violent scenes but are not seen to be a problem whereas games and television programmes are open to criticism are to blame for majority of the problems in the news and opinions.
9) What criticisms of direct effect theories are suggested in the factsheet? The effects of this is that society will follow opinion leaders and the people wont think for their self. They'll base their judgements on what the opinion leaders say as they might look up to them or have a lot of power so they're automatically influenced.
10) Why might the 1970s sitcom Love Thy Neighbour be considered so controversial today?A popular sitcom in the 1970s called Love Thy Neighbour appeals to modern viewers as racist and offensive. Times have changed and so have people’s attitudes and values. What was acceptable as the topic for comedy some decades ago, no longer is.
11) What examples are provided for Hall's theory of preferred, negotiated and oppositional readings?
The Sun and The Guardian may report the same ‘facts’ very differently as they might vouch for different sides and have different opinions depending on their readers social class.
12) Which audience theory do you think is most convincing? Why? It is important that you develop critical autonomy in judging the arguments for and against different theories and form your own opinion on these issues. cultivation theory as media and new technology has an impact on society and the users as it can influence them. for example cyber bullying can take place as one person can get abused online and by the large amount of media consumption and people will find it funny or join in making it worse for the person. also, it can influence people to become more violent as music could give them ideas such as the Marilyn Manson situation and violent video games can make someone more aggressive in some aspects.
2) What are the four categories for different effects theories? Direct Effect Theories, Diffusion Theories, Indirect Effect Theories, The Pluralist Approach
3) What are the examples provided for the hypodermic needle theory - where media texts have been blamed for certain events? Child’s Play – The murder of Jamie Bulger Marilyn Manson – The Columbine High School shootings
4) What was the 1999 Columbine massacre? You may need to research this online in addition to the information on the factsheet. The shooting was done by 2 teenage boys. They had gone on a shooting spree killing about 13 people and wounding more than 20 people in their school. One gunmen was name Eric Harris aged 18 and the other shooter name Dylan Klebold aged 17. There was an idea that they've done this by being influenced by rock singer Marilyn Manson. The 2 boys were an outcast in their school as they were getting bullied and were members of a group of social outcasts that was fascinated by Goth culture or supposedly influenced by violent films or video games.
5) What are the reasons listed on the factsheet to possibly explain the Columbine High School massacre?
- The ease of access to firearms and the social
- acceptance of gun ownership
- The alienation felt by teenagers who felt as though
- they did not fit in
- The hopelessness caused by living in an area where
- unemployment was high and was economically
- disadvantaged
- The general desensitisation caused by access to a
- range of violent images: film, TV, the news, the
- internet.
6) What does Gerbner's Cultivation theory suggest? Cultivation theory shows the way the media affects attitudes instead of behaviour. The media is seen as part of our socialisation process, communicating ‘appropriate’ attitudes and the norms and values of the culture. According to this theory, while any one
media text does not have too much effect, repeated exposure to certain ideas and values may make the audience less critical of the ideas presented as they appear ‘normal’.
• Through repetition attitudes, ideas and values may become
normalised or naturalised; they are accepted rather than
considered
• Through repetition the audience may become desensitised
towards negative and/or violent representations
7) How does this front page of the Daily Mail (from this week - Wednesday 16 November) link to Cultivation theory? The Mail Online version of the story is here.
This front page of the daily mail links with the Cultivation theory as it talks about technology and how it has a long term effect on the audiences attitudes and beliefs. By the bold lettering this demonstrates that children consuming a lot of technology is an important subject. This will intrigue readers to see what this is about. In addition, this will link with cultivation theory as it shows the effects on how a large amount of technology can harm a person mentally and influence them to do wrong. As there's no restriction on the internet children can get into various situations or see over aged things which will influence them to do violent behaviour or anti social things for example. This will be a concern for the parents as they do not supervise their children whilst they do this which could come up as a worry because of the amount spent online.
8) What does the factsheet suggest about action films and the values and ideologies that are reinforced with regards to violence? The media as being a negative influence but does not consider forms of ‘high art’ in the same way. most of Shakespeare’s plays are influenced with extremely violent scenes but are not seen to be a problem whereas games and television programmes are open to criticism are to blame for majority of the problems in the news and opinions.
9) What criticisms of direct effect theories are suggested in the factsheet? The effects of this is that society will follow opinion leaders and the people wont think for their self. They'll base their judgements on what the opinion leaders say as they might look up to them or have a lot of power so they're automatically influenced.
10) Why might the 1970s sitcom Love Thy Neighbour be considered so controversial today?A popular sitcom in the 1970s called Love Thy Neighbour appeals to modern viewers as racist and offensive. Times have changed and so have people’s attitudes and values. What was acceptable as the topic for comedy some decades ago, no longer is.
11) What examples are provided for Hall's theory of preferred, negotiated and oppositional readings?
12) Which audience theory do you think is most convincing? Why? It is important that you develop critical autonomy in judging the arguments for and against different theories and form your own opinion on these issues. cultivation theory as media and new technology has an impact on society and the users as it can influence them. for example cyber bullying can take place as one person can get abused online and by the large amount of media consumption and people will find it funny or join in making it worse for the person. also, it can influence people to become more violent as music could give them ideas such as the Marilyn Manson situation and violent video games can make someone more aggressive in some aspects.
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